丘脑卒中146例临床与CT分析

为了解丘脑卒中复杂多样的临床表现 ,探讨CT对丘脑卒中的诊断价值 ,对 14 6例丘脑卒中病人行头颅CT检查 ,分析CT表现与临床表现的关系。结果 14 6例丘脑卒中主要的临床表现为感觉障碍 (83/14 6 )、头晕、头痛 (80 /14 6 )、意识障碍 (78/14 6 )、言语障碍 (44 /14 6 ) ,精神异常 (41/14 6 ) ,CT表现为 :丘脑梗塞 85例 ,丘脑出血 6 1例。单侧丘脑卒中 138例 ,双侧丘脑卒中 8例 ,丘脑并多部位卒中 10例。提示丘脑卒中并不少见 ,其临床表现复杂多样 ,常无运动障碍 ,头颅CT检查对丘脑卒中的诊断、分型、预后估计有重要的价值     

Demonstration of the existence of nitric oxide-independent as well as nitric oxide-dependent vasodilator mechanisms in the in situ renal circulation in near term pregnant rats

1. We have investigated the role of endogenous nitric oxide on renal vascular reactivity in late pregnancy in in situ blood perfused kidneys of α-chloralose anaesthetized Wistar-Kyoto rats. Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition was achieved by intravenous administration of N^G-nitro-L-arginine or N^G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester.
2. Intra-arterial mean blood pressure was lower in pregnancy compared with nonpregnant controls. Following nitric oxide synthesis inhibition mean blood pressure increased in both pregnant and nonpregnant groups, but remained lower in pregnant animals.
3. Basal renal perfusion pressure was similar in pregnant and nonpregnant groups. Intravenous administration of N^G-nitro-L-arginine resulted in dose-dependent increases in renal perfusion pressure but responses were substantially depressed in pregnancy.
4. Renal vasoconstrictor responses to regional angiotensin II (AII) were decreased in pregnancy, whereas those to noradrenaline (NA) did not differ from nonpregnant controls. N^G-nitro-L-arginine (5 mg kg⁻¹) potentiated renal responses to regional AII and NA in both groups, but AII responses remained lower in pregnancy. Blunted renal AII responses in pregnancy were still evident following large doses of N^G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (100 mg kg⁻¹).
5. The results demonstrate that nitric oxide synthesis inhibition increases renal perfusion pressure to a lesser extent in pregnant compared with nonpregnant rats, and that reduced renal pressor responses to AII are still evident in pregnancy after nitric oxide synthesis inhibition.
6. These results suggest that although endogenous nitric oxide synthesis modulates renal vasoconstrictor responses in both pregnant and nonpregnant animals, this mechanism does not fully account for the blunted renal vasoconstrictor responses to regional AII or nitric oxide inhibitors in near term pregnant rats. The nature of this important physiological vasodilator mechanism in pregnancy remains to be elucidated.

     

N—苯基马来酰亚胺／苯乙烯／丙烯腈共聚合体系的研究

测定了６０℃下Ｎ－苯基马来酰亚胺在苯溶剂中分别与苯乙烯,丙类腈共聚的二元竞聚率,并据此估算其三元共聚物组成,研究表明,实验值和计算值较为接近,如果适当控制混合单体比例和反应条件,可望得到组成较均一的共聚物。     

Effect of Oral Administration of Dotarizine on Cerebrovasculature Subjected to Constriction Followed by Dilatation in Rabbits

In the study presented the effect of Dotarizine on blood flow velocity in cerebral arteries - in middle cerebral artery (MCA), and basilar artery (BA)- was investigated and compared utilising transcranial Doppler sonography during normoventilation, 15 min hyperventilation with subsequent 3 min anoxia in anaesthetized rabbits. In the Dotarizine treated group (12 rabbits) 25 mg/kg of Dotarizine dissolved in 0,25% agar was administered orally for five days twice daily. In the control group (9 rabbits) animals were fed with agar of the same concentration. The results revealed that decrease of flow velocity caused by hyperventilation and increase during anoxia were less pronounced in the Dotarizine treated group than in control group of animals. A difference between changes of flow velocity in MCA and BA during anoxia was found and the different reactivity of both vessels was established.     

急性脑梗死病人白细胞流变特性及细胞黏附分子表达的变化及意义

①目的　探讨急性脑梗死（ＡＣＩ）病人白细胞流变特性及细胞黏附分子表达的变化及意义。②方法采用红细胞变形能力测定仪、体外血栓血小板黏附两用仪及酶联免疫吸附法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）,检测了７２ 例ＡＣＩ病人、４２例脑出血病人及４８ 例健康人白细胞变形能力（ＬＤ）、白细胞黏附功能（ＬＡＦ）、白细胞ＣＤ１８ 表达及血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子－１（ｓＩＣＡＭ－１）和可溶性血管细胞间黏附分子（ｓＶＣＡＭ－１）浓度的变化。③结果　ＡＣＩ病人白细胞滤过指数（ＬＦＩ）、白细胞黏附率（ＬＡＲ）、白细胞ＣＤ１８表达及ｓＩＣＡＭ－１ 及ｓＶＣＡＭ－１ 浓度均明显升高,与脑出血病人及对照组比较差异有极显著性（ｔ＝ ７．６６３～１４．８７２,Ｐ＜ ０．００１）,且这些指标变化随着ＡＣＩ病变程度加重而明显。ＡＣＩ病人ＬＦＩ和ＬＡＲ与白细胞ＣＤ１８ 表达、ｓＩＣＡＭ－１ 和ｓＶＣＡＭ－１ 浓度呈正相关（ｒ＝ ０．６８０～０．７２４,Ｐ均＜ ０．００１）,ＬＦＩ与ＬＡＲ呈正相关（ｒ＝ ０．６８５,Ｐ＜ ０．００１）。④结论　白细胞流变特性和细胞黏附分子表达异常与ＡＣＩ发病和病变程度有密切关系     

CO2 and indomethacin vasoreactivity in patients with head injury

Summary The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of hyper-ventilation and indomethacin on cerebral circulation, metabolism and pressures in patients with acute severe head injury in order to see if indomethacin may act supplementary to hyperventilation. Fourteen severely head injured patients entered the study. Intracranial pressure (ICP), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) were monitored continuously. Within the first four days after the trauma the CO₂ and indomethacin vasoreactivities were studied by measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) (Cerebrograph 10a, intravenous¹³³Xe technique) and arterio-venous difference of oxygen (AVdO₂). Ischaemia was evaluated from changes in CBF, saturation of oxygen in the jugular bulb (SvjO₂), lactate and lactate/oxygen index (LOI). Data are presented as medians and ranges, results are significant unless otherwise indicated. Before intervention ICP was well controlled (14.8 (9–24) mmHg) and basic CBF level was 39.1 (21.6–75.0) ml/100 g/min). The arterio-venous oxygen differences were generally decreased (AVdO₂ = 4.3 (1.8–8.1) ml/100 ml) indicating moderate luxury perfusion. Levels of CMRO₂ were decreased (1.54 (0.7–3.2) ml/100 g/min) as well.Duringhyperventilation (APaCO₂ = 0.88 (0.62–1.55) kPa) CBF decreased with 11.8 (–33.4–29.7) %/kPa and ICP decreased with 3.8 (0–10) mmHg. AVdO₂ increased 34.0 (4.0–139.2) %/kPa, MABP was unchanged, CMRO₂ and CPP increased (CPP = 3.9 (–10–20) mmHg). AVD (lactate) and LOI were unchanged. No correlations between CBF responses to hypocapnia and outcomes were observed.An i.v. bolus dose ofindomethacin (30 mg) decreased CBF 14.7 (–16.7–57.4) % and ICP decreased 4.3 (–1–17) mmHg. AVdO₂ increased 27.8 (–40.0–66.7)%, MABP (MABP = 4.9 (–2–21) mmHg) and CPP (CPP = 8.7 (3–29) mmHg) increased while CMRO₂ was unchanged. No changes in AVd (lactate) and LOI indicating cerebral ischaemia were found.Compared to hyperventilation (changes per 1 kPa, at PaCO₂ level = 4.05 kPa) the changes in MABP, CPP and CBF were significantly greater after indomethacin, while the changes in AVdO₂, ICP, SvjO₂, and LOI were of the same order of magnitude.Nocorrelation between relative reactivities to indomethacin and CO₂, evaluated from changes in CBF and AVdO₂, or between the decrease in ICP after the two procedures were found. Thus, some patients reacted to indomethacin but not to hyperventilation, and vice versa.These results suggest that indomethacin and hyperventilation might act independently, or in a complementary fashion in the treatment of patients with severe head injury.     

Altered thiol status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Summary The thiol status of patients with rheumatoid arthritis is significantly different from that of controls. Plasma thiol levels are lower, albumin thiol reactivity is altered and intracellular thiol levels measured after hemoglobin precipitation are increased. These variations correlate with other indices of disease severity and are one measure of a disturbance in the degree of oxidation of the blood. Penicillamine, in common with other effective therapeutic agents, produces an increase in serum thiol concentration. It causes a greater effect on serum thiol reactivity than other drugs and in particular it increases fast reacting thiol levels without significantly altering the slow reacting thiol level.     

Randomized trial examining cerebral haemodynamics following artificial or animal surfactant

To determine the effects of animal and artificial surfactants on cerebral haemodynamics, 20 premature babies receiving mechanical ventilation were randomized to receive Curosurf or Exosurf surfactant. Anterior cerebral artery blood flow velocity (CABFV) was measured using Doppler ultrasound before and up to 2 h after treatment. Following animal surfactant there was a rapid reduction in CABFV (median -36%, range -43% to +8%, p < 0:01), whereas artificial surfactant resulted in a slower rise which was less marked (median +20%, range -7% to +62%, p < 0:05). There were no significant changes in blood pressure. Two hours after administration, the oxygenation index (OI) improved significantly only in babies receiving animal surfactant. In this group there was a significant association between the change in CABFV at 1 min and the change in OI at 2 h ( r = 0:66, p < 0:05). Animal surfactant produces rapid improvements in ventilation which are associated with marked alterations in cerebral haemodynamics.     

Examining the effects of lipopolysaccharide and cholecystokinin on water ingestion: comparing intake and palatability

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cholecystokinin (CCK) have been shown to have anorectic properties in a variety of species. The present study examined the effects of LPS and CCK, both alone and in combination, on two different aspects of water ingestion, water intake and palatability. On test days, animals were first injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with either LPS (200 microg/kg) or NaCl vehicle, and 2 h later received a second injection of either CCK (8 microg/kg) or NaCl vehicle. In Experiment 1, water intake was monitored for 1 h on 3 separate test days 72 h apart; while in Experiment 2, water palatability was assessed using the taste reactivity test (TRT), on two separate test days 72 h apart. Both LPS and CCK significantly (p<0.05) reduced water intake, with the effects of combined LPS with CCK being more pronounced than either agent injected alone. Rats developed a rapid tolerance to the effects of LPS on water intake on subsequent exposures to LPS. Results from the TRT indicated that LPS enhanced water palatability (p<0.05), as evidenced by a high level of ingestive responding, whereas CCK produced a pattern of responding indicative of satiety. LPS plus CCK reduced ingestive responding on the first test day, but these responses were significantly increased on the second test day (p<0.05). These results demonstrate that although LPS reduces water intake, it enhances water palatability. The results further underscore the necessity for examining palatability changes in addition to intake measures when studying the regulation of feeding and drinking.     

Does halothane or isoflurane affect hypoxic and post‐hypoxic vascular response in rabbit aorta?

BACKGROUND: Halothane and isoflurane affect differently endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxation at 95% O2. In addition, hypoxic vascular response might involve endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Therefore, we investigated, in rabbit aortic rings, 1) the influence of halothane and isoflurane on vasodilation at 95% O2 and on hypoxic-induced vasorelaxation at 0% O2 and 2) the influence of halothane and isoflurane on endothelium-dependent and -independent post-hypoxic vascular response. METHODS: Endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded rabbit aortic rings were used. Phenylephrine precontracted rings were exposed, at 95% O2, to acetylcholine (ACh, 10(-9) to 10(-4) M) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 10(-9) to 10(-4) M) in the presence or absence of anaesthetic at 1 or 2 MAC. Precontracted rings were also exposed to an acute reduction in O2 from 95% to 0% followed by an acute reoxygenation with 95% O2 in the absence or presence of anaesthetic at 1 or 2 MAC. RESULTS: At 95% O2, halothane decreased endothelium-dependent relaxation to ACh, while endothelium-independent relaxation to SNP was decreased only at 2 MAC. Isoflurane did not modify ACh- or SNP-induced relaxation. At 0% O2, neither halothane nor isoflurane altered the hypoxic vascular relaxation. Post-hypoxic response was not changed either. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that halothane and isoflurane do not alter vascular hypoxic response in conductance arteries.